Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS Natural history is full of living things that were long thought to have gone extinct only to show up again, alive and well. Paleontologists have a word for these kinds of organisms: They call them Lazarus taxa. Go to http://squarespace.com/eons and use code “EONS” for 10% off your first order. Special thanks to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his paleoart. Check out his portfolio here: http://spinops.blogspot.com Thanks to Andrey Atuchin, Lucas Lima, Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of their work here: Andrey Atuchin: https://www.facebook.com/AndreyAtuchinStudio/ Lucas Lima: https://252mya.com/gallery/lucas-lima Franz Anthony: https://252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/source https://earthonsight.org/earth/the-extinction-that-never-happened/
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS There are many fossils that challenge our ability to form even the most basic idea of how a living thing looked, or lived, or functioned. One of the longest-running of these mysteries involved a 270-million-year-old sea creature called Helicoprion that once swam the seas around the supercontinent of Pangea. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://www.academia.edu/28463128/ART_IN_PALEONTOLOGY_THE_RECONSTRUCTION_OF_EXTINCT_ANIMALS http://paleobiology.si.edu/helicoprion/ http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/2/20130057 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/prehistoric-ghost-shark-helicoprions-spiral-toothed-jaw-explained/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249440368_A_new_specimen_of_Helicoprion_Karpinsky_1899_from_Kazakhstanian_Cisurals_and_a_new_reconstruction_of_its_tooth_whorl_position_and_function http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/87/6/965 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20319/full
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS Smilodon was a fearsome Ice Age cat, the size of a modern-day tiger, that had a pair of fangs nearly 18 centimeters long. But it was only the last and largest of the great sabertooths: ridiculously long canines had already been a trend for millions of years by the time Smilodon was prowling around. And you know what? Those giant teeth just might make a comeback. Correction: At 4:22, we incorrectly use an image of a sand tiger shark in reference to a great white shark. We regret the error. Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Smilodon illustrations. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/the-earliest-saberteeth-were-for-fighting-not-biting/ https://laelaps.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/just-what-is-a-nimravid-anyway/
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS Over the past 20 years, dinosaurs of all types and sizes have been found with some sort of fluff or even full-on plumage. These fuzzy discoveries have raised a whole batch of new questions so we're here to tell you everything we know about dinosaurs and feathers. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Thanks to Fabrizio De Rossi, Julio Lacerda, Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/licensing Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart. Check out his portfolio: http://spinops.blogspot.com Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html https://watermark.silverchair.com/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAfUwggHxBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggHiMIIB3gIBADCCAdcGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMwcgaUHAd0QLZSaixAgEQgIIBqMBuONttH3vzrZjnZ3x6hHOYEWTK0NKIXPaEsJWvtg-gIz2L8KeTlj8bmH3BNA8vDbeBy-cMgAejmIPwXtz3TCAtGsu5I4gGRcDnQuERZUsCy0UKJcS38tIa42C362b83Q9o-GC8gR0peqyTOB6SbuF10DUx8bclg_U_CUehID11YiEsSHKDXqUn8H6yFVYRW9RJ7bdZAEWWCDwYaGy-aBMUbpl2C9mwWyL7TMQzjG-DYDj4J2-h8iXZ7CafvLJ2PH6sKZGSNOxD_KA1xLd9JzbZpiGnQ_ptWeWfVCD3DirVtnnlKQrVJt7htNifbTJCsLcvTThuIU9kmCUzD9SSMYX-wn8el4kXWEMMMTE4VghC97hYc7ePEdu3jT4uity6BFEzqN7BniYNhNsFI9XKQ7Sx_gW70fv-FJo141kUDMzJdiKyK0sXXbZbna7KEqXXo0ZaT62cUBMRiXtWBNLk3K8yHhIcel2SOwTmpL_kTSyA-lXen5H1U9bZkLPc46pVzDo2mjLPRXUie_CljiDBCLCjGKT13Oayrn20rJOousRIzwOPVyTcxnI https://www.livescience.com/24745-archaeopteryx.html http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/19/us/feathery-fossil-hints-dinosaur-bird-link.html Ostrom, J. H. (1969). Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana (Vol. 30). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. http://paleoglot.org/files/Ji&Ji_96.pdf http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/341993 http://english.ivpp.cas.cn/rh/rp/200912/t20091202_48050.html https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120404-yutyrannus-feathers-dinosaur-science-nature-biggest/ https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7009/full/nature02855.html https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10906.html http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njbgeol/2010/00000258/00000003/art00001 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082(2002)381%3C0001:NSOMZT%3E2.0.CO;2 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html http://science.sciencemag.org/content/299/5605/402.full?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Dial%252C%20K&searchid=1056403726368_9319&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=10/1/1995&tdate=6/30/2003 https://www.livescience.com/57056-could-dinosaurs-fly.html https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/gmayr43.pdf https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331phyloinference.html https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140724-feathered-siberia-dinosaur-scales-science/ https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/earliest-dinosaurs-may-have-sported-feathers http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6195/451 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/t-rex-skin-was-not-covered-feathers-study-says-180963603/ https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2013/jun/10/dinosaurs-fossils https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/exaptations_01 http://oro.open.ac.uk/22432/ https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26970-stunning-fossils-big-mama-brooding/ http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e96-046#.WeeoxtenGM8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488937 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/long-live-the-fuzzy-t-rex/ http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/343/1/251.short https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14610039 https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327254-100-velociraptors-killing-claws-were-for-climbing/ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0028964 http://www.montana.edu/news/10650/dinosaurs-with-killer-claws-yield-new-theory-about-flight https://www.nature.com/news/2009/090318/full/news.2009.172.html
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS We know whales as graceful giants bound to the sea. But what if we told you there was actually a time when whales could walk. Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/x0Hi30egd4K Thanks to Lucas Lima and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of Lucas' work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/lucas-lima Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally. Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://web.neomed.edu/web/anatomy/Thewissen/whale_origins/index.html https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255721304_Ambulocetus_natans_an_Eocene_Cetacean_Mammalia_from_Pakistan https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0135-2 http://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/news-posts/a-walking-whale-ambulocetus/ http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/a/ambulocetus.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03 http://stories.anmm.gov.au/whale-evolution/ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/take-deep-dive-reasons-land-animals-moved-seas-180955007/ http://repository.ias.ac.in/4642/1/316.pdf https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0159-0_14 https://www.britannica.com/science/Eocene-Epoch http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/08/whale-evolution/mueller-text/4 http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/ocean-giants-going-aquatic-cetacean-evolution/7577/ https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/why-did-the-biggest-whales-get-so-big/527874/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLNn7tZJfNY http://www.pnas.org/content/96/18/10261.short https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090318153803.htm https://www.nature.com/news/2007/071218/full/news.2007.388.html https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA391&lpg=PA391&dq=astragalus+bone+artiodactyla&source=bl&ots=vN2lvOVMWi&sig=xlwWl2JECUvYPl3aofimxAjwVrw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGsNG0zvDVAhUUUWMKHTbAACcQ6AEImwEwFw#v=onepage&q=astragalus%20bone%20artiodactyla&f=false http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/449/god%20in%20the%20gaps/early%20whale%20hands%20and%20feet.pdf https://phys.org/news/2005-01-scientists-link-whale-closest-relative.html http://www.pnas.org/content/96/18/10261.short https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0135-2
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS Fossil fuels are made from the remains of extinct organisms that have been exposed to millions of years of heat and pressure. But in the case of coal, these organisms consisted largely of some downright bizarre plants that once covered the Earth, from Colorado to China. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://www.devoniantimes.org/who/pages/lycopsid.html http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200447/BibliographicResource_3000095543293.html Taylor, Edith L; Krings, Michael; Taylor, Thomas N, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Academic Press, 2nd Ed, 2008 http://science.jrank.org/pages/1531/Club-Mosses.html http://palaeos.com/plants/lycopodiophyta/lepidodendrales.html http://feedthedatamonster.com/home/2014/7/11/how-fungi-saved-the-world http://palaeos.com/plants/lycopodiophyta/lepidodendrales.html https://sites.google.com/site/paleoplant/home-1/embryophytes/polysporangiophytes/rhyniophytes/eutracheophyte/lycophytes/club-mosses/lepidodendrales https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonathan_Wilson13/publication/309439742_Climate_pCO2_and_terrestrial_carbon_cycle_linkages_during_late_Palaeozoic_glacial-interglacial_cycles/links/5811fa2508ae9b32b0a37ac2.pdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.13061/full https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Dimichele/publication/284104574_Arborescent_lycopsid_productivity_and_lifespan_Constraining_the_possibilities/links/571e604108aed056fa226d68/Arborescent-lycopsid-productivity-and-lifespan-Constraining-the-possibilities.pdf http://www.geologyatsheffield.co.uk/sagt/morphology/ https://books.google.com/books?id=wbZGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=lepidodendron+fast+growing&source=bl&ots=3gdQ9ChJ3P&sig=8Zio7mUdoBqj7tHbY8m3ulzis_s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy1YmA0pTVAhXr6oMKHdrvAEMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=lepidodendron%20fast%20growing&f=false http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/07/the-fantastically-strange-origin-of-most-coal-on-earth/ https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/7416/paleo_2005_DiMichele_et_al_PCAS_56%28Suppl_I%29_HR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1583 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.13061/full https://www.researchgate.net/profile/S_Naugolnykh/publication/261171288_Fossil_flora_from_the_Aleksandrovskoe_locality_Lower_Permian_Kungurian_Krasnoufimsk_district_of_the_Sverdlovsk_Region_Taxonomical_composition_taphonomy_and_a_new_lycopsid_representative/links/0a85e5335cb34e4b6f000000.pdf
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateEONS Part of why we’re so fascinated with extinct dinosaurs it’s just hard for us to believe that animals that huge actually existed. And yet, they existed! From the Jurassic to the Cretaceous Periods, creatures as tall as a five-story building were shaking the Earth. Thanks to Nathan E. Rogers, Julio Lacerda, Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/licensing Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/massive-titanosaur-biggest-dinosaur-ever-found-squeezes-into-museum-of-natural-history/ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160201-meet-the-most-massive-dinosaur-to-ever-stomp-the-earth http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/21/how-paleontologists-uncovered-the-worlds-biggest-rhino/ http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/14/the-largest-beasts-to-walk-the-earth/ https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51920950_Reproductive_Biology_and_Its_Impact_on_Body_Size_Comparative_Analysis_of_Mammalian_Avian_and_Dinosaurian_Reproduction&sa=D&ust=1500399844630000&usg=AFQjCNGTT_rSvT7liO9z1Pp6D5VCDsXKyw http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029%3C0243:VPASAT%3E2.0.CO;2 https://www.edb.utexas.edu/petrosino/Legacy_Cycle/mf_jm/Challenge3/Avian%20Respiration.pdf https://svpow.com/papers-by-sv-powsketeers/wedel-2009-on-air-sacs/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51920950_Reproductive_Biology_and_Its_Impact_on_Body_Size_Comparative_Analysis_of_Mammalian_Avian_and_Dinosaurian_Reproduction https://www.nature.com/news/dinosaur-family-tree-poised-for-colossal-shake-up-1.21681